Agriculture, as in the case of India, Bangladesh, the country's people from the villages and the economy has been the backbone of the main sources of income. Highest productivity of agriculture by the government are poverty reduction and to achieve self-sufficiency in food production does. Besides agriculture, the country is concerned about the development of more export division. Bangladesh quick change from time to time and its exports substantially. Bangladesh's jute and tea came into being was the most export-oriented industries. But the continual threats of flooding, the prices of jute fibers failing with a drastic fall in world demand, the economy of the country's jute sector role (Spinanger, 1986) are out. After that, attention to work in manufacturing has been moved in the garment industry in particular.
Bangladesh's garment industry export division chief for the past 25 years has been the main source of foreign exchange. Currently, the country's products by about $ 5 billion worth of garment exports generates each year. Industry 90% are women whose job provides about 3 million workers. Two non-market elements in the apparel industry's continued success confirms the important function performed, these elements are the North American market (a) Multi Arrangement1 fiber (MFA) under the quota and (b) special market to European markets entry. The whole process strongly associated with the trend of relocation of production.
Displacement of production in the garment industry
Global economy where production is controlled by the transit companies of developed countries, developing countries focus on the swing. New representation of the production is focused on a core system, perimeter permanent finance, research and development, technical institutions and modernizing the production process and working with perimeter dependent element containing a relatively small center with staff. Reducing costs and increasing production are the main reason for this disposition. They have discovered that simple undercharge is a way to move production to a country where labor and production costs is in charge. Since the areas of developing countries that environmental degeneration provide such costs do not apply, the practice of environmental issues and the law protects against the developed countries. Transfer of production to third world economies of these countries has helped to expand and accelerate the economy of developed countries.
Garment industry production is controlled by the transfer. The globalization of textile production is already started and expanded more than any other factory. Blue-collar high-wage areas, production activities of companies in industrialising countries have moved to low-cost manufacturing areas. Communication systems and networking is instrumental in increasing the growth. Export-oriented manufacturing since 1960 industrialising countries of Asia and Latin America has brought some good returns. The first relocation of garment manufacturing in the 1950s and early 1960s from North America and Western Europe to Japan took place. But during 1965 and 1983, Japanese cars, stereos and computers and, therefore, 400,000 workers were dismissed by the Japanese textile and clothing industry as more attractive products have changed my mind. In the 1970s, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore - in effect, textile manufacturing from Japan to other Asian Tigers was to transfer stock. But the tendency to transfer the construction had to be there. Labor charge and an increase in activity of trade unions to increase the proportion of Asian Tiger economies were. Third of manufacturing industry from 1980 to 1990 saw the transfer, the Asian Tigers for other developing countries - Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and especially China. 1990 Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and exporters including Vietnam, has led the last group. But China (1980) after the relocation of the currently less than ten years as leader ever emerged from China to the world's leading manufacturer and exporter of garments has become.
Bangladesh garment sector and the global chain
Wages in the textile industry due to the transfer worldwide, the structure can be explained. Apparel in the United States labor per hour (salary and fringe benefits, U.S. $) 10.12 charge, but only in Bangladesh is 0.30. This gap by developing countries, only 14 percent of the total, $ 119 billion in 1991 to contribute 59 percent of developing countries, with the world in 1965 with $ 3 billion from apparel exports, accelerated. Designed in 1991 the number of workers in the textile industry of Bangladesh and it was 582 000 in 1998 increased to 1.404 million. In the United States, however, 1991 data showed garment workers in 1106.0 thousand in 1998 and turned down 765. 8000.
The information presented shows that the trend of low-wage garment manufacturing in Bangladesh is the main reason for the transfer. Practice began in the 1970s, the Asian tiger nations were looking for strategies to avoid the West's export quota. Bangladesh's garment factories, mainly for raw materials 'tiger' countries are relying on. Asian countries between Tiger mediators textile units in their home countries, where spinning and weaving going on a mediator, where textile manufacturing and Bangladeshi units cut is sewn, ironed and packed in cartons for export. Tiger countries, representatives of the Bangladesh market for the same answer in many countries discovered. Major retail business in the United States and Western Europe companies placed orders for the most Bangladeshi textile products. Marks and Spencers (UK) and C & A (Netherlands) controls capital funds, such as the ratio of companies in the Bangladeshi capital of owners is patience. Shirts Made in Bangladesh in developing countries five to ten times the value of their imported are sold.
A domestic private garment industry, supported by a Korean company with the nation company, Daewoo International apparel chain that's expanding garment industry in Bangladesh as the basis of the works is an important example. South Korea's Daewoo Corporation, as part of its global policies, the chairman Kim Woo Choong took an interest in Bangladesh - Bangladesh, which, tires, leather goods involved in the process of developing an ambitious joint venture to offer the government , and cement and garment factory. Country - Daewoo combine the global apparel market turning point is getting the import was on the market in 1974 after being signed MFA reform was crucial in terms. Daewoo, a South Korean clothing opportunities in leading exporting countries, which was probably used its quota was discovered. Korea after the MFA quota restrictions, due to Daewoo's exports were restricted. Bangladesh as a LDC without any hindrance and therefore their market for Daewoo was concerned with the use of exports to Bangladesh had a chance. The purpose behind this was that Bangladesh needs to import raw materials at Daewoo and Daewoo same time, Bangladesh will get will depend on the market. Chairman of the Daewoo displayed interest in Bangladesh, the country's President land company, a former civil servant, who was seeking more entrepreneurial activities put him in touch with the president.
The desire to meet the country for a five-year collaboration with Daewoo Apparel signed a contract. Contract on all exports of the country specific marketing commission in return for technical training during the contract phase, machinery and clothing, purchase of plant and marketing area is established. Daewoo also a multinational work environments of employees in the country to provide a comprehensive practical training. Daewoo carefully helped the country to buy machinery and clothing. Daewoo India plant for some of the technicians came to install Bangladesh. India - Daewoo in association with the end result was important. Your business, 1980/81-86/87 ie the first six years, the country exported an annual average rate of 90% price increase, from 1986 to 1987 reached more than $ 5 million.
It is claimed that the country, Daewoo alliance and the whole of Bangladesh garment export industry development is an important element for the achievement. Getting involved with the Daewoo brand name and marketing network, after foreign buyers purchasing textiles from its original gone with the Corporation inattentive. Most of the trainees left the company several times the country opening its competition apparel companies, the apparel sector as a way of moving through all the knowledge to work in the stands.
It to pay less for both developed and developing nations to countries with high wages are the result of production is essential to identify the process of moving. It is true that a bare majority of third world countries is now on the path to industrialization. In the process, workers are working under adverse working environment - minimum wages, unhealthy work place, lack of security, no job guarantee, labor force, etc.
The path of globalization for developing countries and is full of ups and downs. Relatively low, blue-collar production relocations from industrial to developing countries, in some cases, the problem may influence the social life - efficient planning and international organizations and government and / or host country negotiations between the organizations lack of transfer action in the city encourages the transfer and its duration to be less than -. Another negative result is that employment and / or income to rise satisfactorily large and wide is not expected to reduce inequality. Manufacturing employment in developed countries regarding the negative consequences of relocation, we understand that the relatively blue-collar industries, employment increased imports from developing countries lead to the inevitable loss. It is held in the north of the south with the business development job in the last few decades was an important cause of disindustrialisation.
After all the employees who are constantly working in adverse conditions is the effect. Work under the control of Bangladesh garment sector. Appalling working environment to light in the Bangladesh garment industry has been brought.
A research shows that 90 percent of garment workers through illness or disease during the month before the interview went. Headache, anemia, fever, chest, stomach, eye and ear ache, cough and cold, diarrhea, dysentery, urinary tract infections and reproductive health problems were more common diseases. Textile factories to work bonus to employees of various diseases. These diseases and to find a link between industrial hazards with a view, the health status of workers before and after coming to work in garment has been examined. Examination at the end, it came out that about 75 percent of textile work force health was sound before they entered the textile factory. Declines in health due to industrial threats, hostile working environment, facilities and staff were, inflexible rules and apparel employment, workplace stress conditions, low wages and want. Different work-related health threats and their impact on employees forced to join the factory for a few months after quitting, the average length of service was only 4 years.
Fire garment sector, which lives for more than 200 claims in the past two years, although exact figures are hard to find is called for is shabby. A shocking example of the lack of workplace safety in November 2000 fire in which 50 workers lost their lives as the doors were locked Narsingdi was present.
Textile sector work environment, the above analysis, we can state that most third world countries working environment, especially in the textile industry of Bangladesh, we First World countries to develop first reminder. Many (not necessarily) in the developing world clothing and textile industry employment status of units we set up in Europe and North America in the nineteenth century to take them back. American Apparel Review factories over the development period of the birth of the mistreatment of employees dress more or less because it is seen now in the Bangladesh garment industry. What we call the third world countries, garment workers living in the 21st century? The Sweatshop is a return?
In a way, dress in Western companies are guilty of poor working environment. For developed countries to make more profits and, therefore, to cut manufacturing costs to developing countries want to force. In order to survive in the competition, developing countries choose the unethical practices. Inflexible business rules and starting conditions, the global economy has left few options for developing countries.
The right time to make a decision
There are two competitive global apparel chain launched by the constant pressure to deal with the challenge of world options. A time-honored to work or unethical practices by adopting the system can continue to exist in competition. But unsure how long they can continue to exist. Bangladesh's textile industry with respect to, we can say that the right to a competitive policy, which adhere to quality improvement is time. The MFA opportunities are eliminated, the low-wage female labor or women's wages through the fall and through the competition will be possible to? Probably not. Since wages are so low that such wages, with two members of a worker is not able to sustain a family. Enhancing the efficiency of women workers is the only solution to increased competition. Entirely appropriate education and training can help achieve these positive results. To the rules of the global market, Bangladesh produces less and less complicated in the textile industry has come out of wages. Bangladesh Labour produced through continuous training, advanced technology and superior work environment can increase use. In Bangladesh to promote skills development, speeding up technology transfer and improved productivity of workers should plan strategies to the height.
Another method is to adopt the best system or ethical course. Those companies, the quality, customer focused increasingly answers responded to growing competition, the innovative practices should be fair treatment for workers. We feel that we no longer cost reduction strategy to improve production quality are living in an era of competition. The objective of workplace change initiatives have been modified over time - making humanitarian job in the 1960s, in 1970 to produce job satisfaction and quality to compete in the 1980s, the. It is essential that the quality of a company's competitive strategy, flexibility, innovation and improving customer service to pursue. If they rely on workers to leave work to lower costs by rendering 'wages and other services, they will be bereaved of workers.
